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This article discusses diagnosis, treatment, and experiences of autism globally. Although the diagnosis of autism is rising in post-industrial nations, diagnosis rates are much lower in developing nations.〔Maguire, C. (2013, April 16). ''Autism on the rise: A global perspective''. Retrieved from http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/hghr/online/autism-on-the-rise-a-global-perspective/〕 Reasons given by researchers for this discrepancy include more awareness and better detection in developed nations and cultural differences such that symptoms associated with autism may be considered normal behavior in some cultures.〔 ==Autism overview== (詳細はDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, defines a person with Autism Spectrum Disorder as having persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction. This includes having deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.〔American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J., Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., ... & Windham, G. C. (2007). The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 235-258.〕 Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder, meaning that it is characterized by developmental delays in basic functioning such as socialization and communication.〔Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2005). Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: Confirmation of high prevalence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1133-1141.〕 Pervasive developmental disorders are also called autism spectrum disorders. These disorders include autistic disorder (autism), Asperger syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Rett Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified.〔Boyse, K. (2008, December). ''Autism, autistic spectrum disorders (asd) and pervasive developmental disorders (pdd)''. Retrieved from http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/autism.htm〕 The prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorder is thus greater than or equal to the prevalence and incidence of autism in any given area. Before the release of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, autistic disorder was the most common autism spectrum disorder.〔 The fifth edition does not distinguish between the specific disorders. Currently, clinicians give a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder rather than specifying autism, Asperger syndrome, or the other pervasive developmental disorders.〔 The causes of autism are very complex and include complex interactions between genes and the environment. It is not clear whether autism is caused by rare gene mutations or by multigene interactions.〔Abrahams BS, Geschwind DH. Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. ''Nature Reviews Genetics''. 2008;9(5):341–55. doi:(10.1038/nrg2346 ). PMID 18414403〕 Researchers have not been able to trace autism to a single mutation or gene abnormality.〔 Although there is not agreement among researchers about the specific causes of autism, there is agreement that autism affects brain development.〔Müller RA. The study of autism as a distributed disorder. ''Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev''. 2007;13(1):85–95.〕 One theory, for example, posits that mutations disrupt synaptic pathways in the brain.〔Betancur C, Sakurai T, Buxbaum JD. The emerging role of synaptic cell-adhesion pathways in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. ''Trends Neurosci''. 2009;32(7):402–12.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Global perceptions of autism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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